Corneal transplant

What it is

The cornea is the clear window at the front of the eye. When it becomes scarred, swollen or distorted, vision blurs. A corneal transplant removes the affected tissue and replaces it with healthy donor cornea. Transplants can replace the full thickness or only the inner or outer layers, depending on the condition.

What it treats

Corneal transplant is used when the cornea no longer focuses light clearly and other treatments are not enough.

• Keratoconus, when contact lenses no longer give acceptable vision
• Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, when the inner corneal layer fails
• Corneal scarring from ulcers, infection or injury
• Some inherited corneal disorders and previous failed grafts

Types of transplant

Full-thickness transplants replace all corneal layers. Partial transplants replace only the damaged layer, which can mean faster recovery. Your surgeon will recommend the type that best suits your cornea.

Recovery and risks

Vision improves gradually over months as the eye heals. You will use anti-rejection drops, often for a year or longer. Rejection can occur even years later, so lifelong follow-up matters. Signs of rejection include redness, pain, blurred vision, or increased light sensitivity and need urgent review.