Condition library

Cornea, conjunctiva and front-of-eye conditions

Conditions of the clear front window of the eye, the white of the eye, the lens and common focusing problems.

Medical reviewer Mr Mohamed Mohyudin· Last recorded site review

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Dry eyeTears too few or evaporating too fast; overlaps with blepharitis and MGD — lubricants, lid care and prescriptions help most people.KeratoconusThe cornea thins and bulges into a cone shape, distorting vision; often starts in the teens or twenties.Corneal abrasion (scratched eye)A scratch on the clear front of the eye; painful but usually heals quickly. Chemical splashes need emergency care.Corneal ulcerAn open sore on the cornea, often from infection; a sight-threatening emergency needing urgent care.Fungal eye infectionA rare but serious corneal infection, often linked to contact lens wear or eye injury; needs urgent specialist care.Herpes eye infectionA cold-sore virus infection of the cornea causing a painful red eye; needs prompt antiviral treatment.Photokeratitis (arc eye)Sunburn of the cornea from UV light, welding arcs or snow glare; painful but usually heals in days.Chemical eye injurySplash of chemicals into the eye is an emergency; immediate flushing can save sight.Fuchs dystrophyGradual corneal swelling causing morning blur and glare, usually in older adults; treatable with drops or surgery.Contact lens discomfortSore, dry or red eyes with lenses often signals fit, hygiene or surface disease problems — stop lenses and seek advice if pain or vision drops.PterygiumA fleshy growth on the surface of the eye linked to sun exposure; usually harmless but can affect vision if large.PingueculaA harmless yellowish bump on the white of the eye, linked to sun and dust exposure.ConjunctivitisRed, irritated eyes from infection or allergy; the cause guides treatment — viral, bacterial and allergic types need different approaches.Viral conjunctivitisVery contagious watery pink eye, often after a cold; antibiotics do not help — hygiene and time are the main treatment.Bacterial conjunctivitisSticky yellow-green discharge and glued lids, often needing antibiotic drops after assessment; more urgent in babies and contact-lens wearers.Eye allergiesItchy, red, watery eyes from pollen, dust or pets; seasonal peaks in spring and summer respond well to trigger avoidance and allergy drops.EpiscleritisA mild, usually painless red eye from surface inflammation; different from the more painful scleritis.Subconjunctival haemorrhageA bright red patch on the white of the eye from a tiny burst vessel; alarming but usually harmless.CataractsAge-related clouding of the lens that blurs and glares; surgery is the only cure when daily life is affected — sudden vision loss is not typical cataract.Ocular rosaceaEye irritation linked to the skin condition rosacea; manageable with eyelid care and treatment.TrachomaA leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide, spread by contact and flies; preventable with hygiene and WHO programmes.Foreign body in the eyeSomething in the eye causes pain and watering; do not rub, and seek help for metal or plant material.HyphemaBlood in the front of the eye after injury; needs urgent assessment to protect vision and eye pressure.Vitamin A deficiency and the eyeLack of vitamin A dries the eye surface and is a leading preventable cause of childhood blindness worldwide.Short-sightednessA very common focusing problem where distant objects look blurred; corrected with glasses, lenses or surgery.Long-sightednessA common focusing problem where near objects look blurred; corrected with glasses, lenses or surgery.AstigmatismA common focusing problem from an unevenly curved eye, causing blur at all distances; easily corrected.PresbyopiaThe normal age-related loss of near focus from around your mid-40s; corrected with reading glasses or lenses.Digital eye strainTired, dry, achy eyes from long screen use; eased by breaks, blinking and screen setup.

Frequently asked questions

What causes a red eye without much pain?

Conjunctivitis, dry eye, blepharitis and a burst surface vessel are common. A painful red eye is more concerning and should be assessed promptly.

Are contact lenses linked to cornea problems?

Yes. Sleeping in lenses, poor hygiene or swimming in lenses raises the risk of serious corneal infection. Remove lenses and seek same-day advice if the eye becomes painful or red.

When do cataracts need surgery?

When blurred vision interferes with driving, reading or daily life and glasses no longer help. Surgery is usually considered based on symptoms, not the cataract size alone.

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